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Messages - tybee

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31
The TH5 is the current model, there are no newer ones.. Personally, I wouldn't bother trying to score one on Ebay for under $100 while they are available with warranty from the manufacturer for only $168 with free shipping.. I mean, I agree, it's  always great to save a dollar, but is it really worth the chance to gamble on a ebay deal when an unused xmtr straight from the manufacturer would only be a very small handful of dollars more?

32
An interesting and/or entertaining summery of part 15 cases as told by the FCC in their Annual Reports between 1939-1960

1939:
 - As a result of the increased use of many different types of low-power radio frequency electrical devices for alarms, phonograph -record -playing and remote- control purposes, an informal engineering conference was held at the Commission's offices in Washington on September 19 , 1938 , for the purpose of considering proposed rules and regulations governing their operation....
 ...The rules and regulations were tentatively adopted by the Commission. The tests of the apparatus made by the Commission's field offices have indicated that if the rules and regulations are strictly complied with the devices may be used without causing interference to established radio services.


1947:
SPECIAL STUDIES
A study was instituted to reclassify and to adopt rules for each class of radio frequency generator now operating under the low power rules, such as phonograph oscillators, remote control devices, and college and utility carrier systems. The rapid increase in the number of such devices since the war, and their more varied applications, have made such action necessary....

...A toy transmitter placed on the market during the Christmas season was tested and the field intensity was found to be within the requirements of the low-power rule."

1958:
https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/annual-reports-congress/24th-annual-report-congress-1958
 Page 146 --
INVESTIGATIONS /
UNLICENSED OPERATION
-------------------------------------------------------
"Unlicensed operation....
A wave of unlicensed broadcasting by teen-agers resulted from radio mail order houses and popular magazines advertising low-power radio communication kits intended for operation without a license. These "do it yourself" sets radiated excessively and caused interference when augmented with an antenna:

- In a Massachusetts town, youthful radio enthusiasts were found operating a "wireless broadcast" network built from kits.

- In Grand Rapids, Mich., four miniature transmitters were used by youths to broadcast phonograph records.

- At a western university, boys living in a dormitory operated phonograph oscillators as unlicensed transmitters to serenade the girls in a sorority house.

Advertisers of low-power "broadcast kits" have been requested to include with their sets warnings that the devices may be operated only in compliance with part 15 of the Commission's rules.

1960:
(page 122)
"An article which appeared in a national youth magazine about a low-powered broadcast station operated by youths in California was responsible for an increase in unlicensed broadcast operation by youngsters.

 In one instance a young man was conducting a "man on the street" interview program over his unlicensed broadcast station and one of the curious on-lookers was an FCC engineer who promptly terminated the operation.

A youth in New England interviewed on a weekend national network program was heard by an alert field engineer and his broadcast station was subsequently closed, only to have his irate father protest to his Senator.


1960
INVESTIGATION
Low Power Communication Devices
Local interference problems are aggravated by persons who operate low-power communication devices which exceed the radiation limits prescribed in part 15 of the Commission's rules. Unlicensed use of wireless microphones, phonograph oscillators, electronic "baby sitters," home intercommunication systems, remote control of model airplanes, etc., is permitted on certain frequencies but under strict limitations as to power, antenna length and radiation. But many of these operations exceed the limits and interfere with licensed radio services.
This is especially true of juveniles using mail order kits of home-assembled equipment to "broadcast" voice and records to a neighborhood. Besides taking action against violators, the Commission continues to seek the cooperation of manufacturers, sellers, and users of such devices to see that they ate certified as meeting technical requirements.

Carrier Current Broadcast Systems
There is continued interest on the part of colleges, churches, and individuals to establish carrier current broadcast systems or to increase the power of existing systems. However, to avoid interference to licensed broadcast stations, section 15.7 of the rules limits radiation so that associated receivers must either be connected directly to the distribution cable or in close proximity. Sampling investigations over the years have consistently indicated a tendency to exceed the allowable radiation limits.
 Operators have been warned of the consequences that could result from excessive radiation, but there is particular difficulty with colleges because of changing student bodies in charge of so-called "campus" broadcast systems. Lack of personnel has made it impossible to investigate the carrier current systems at all colleges. The Commission is studying proposals in docket 9288 for possible amendments to the existing regulations.

Type Acceptance of Transmitters
The Commission's type-acceptance program is designed to evaluate the technical adequacy of transmitters used in most of the radio services.
Type acceptance is based upon evaluation of descriptive and measurement data usually furnished by the manufacturer, or occasionally by the applicant for license. If such data show that the transmitter is capable of meeting the technical specifications of the rules governing the class of station for which the transmitter is designed, type acceptance is granted.

 If circumstances warrant, the Commission may require that type-accepted equipment be submitted to its laboratory for inspection and test to substantiate its capability of compliance with applicable rules.
The Commission's type-acceptance data and other information on equipment filed for application reference purposes are not open to the public but are useful to the Commission in determining the technical characteristics and capability of transmitters.
Applicants who have once filed such data can iudicate on subsequent applications that the infonnation is already "on file."

33
I should mention that information was gleemed from a 36 page research paper (2006) entitled "Spectrum Policy Wonderland: A Critique of Conventional Property Rights and Commons Theory in a World of Low Power Wireless Devices"
by J.H. Snider, Ph.D.
I just thought it interesting.

It's easily downloadable via a Google search.
Here's a direct quote:

"...As a general rule, unlicensed devices authorized by the FCC are expected to be secondary to licensed devices... The one little known exception where unlicensed devices are not secondary to licensed devices is in the 900 MHz band, widely used for cordless phones, baby monitors, and other simple indoor unlicensed devices.
The 900 MHz exception occurred because of a historical anomaly. Unlicensed devices were authorized first in this band and licensed services only later.
Following its normal practice of protecting incumbents against newcomers, the FCC granted the unlicensed incumbents safe harbor protections against the licensed newcomers..."

34
An interesting bit of trivia.. Licenced operation in the 900mHz frequency is secondary to unlicensed operation in that band. This is because part 15 in 900mHz came into existence before licenced operation ever did.

900mHz is the only exception in which Part 15 operation actually trump's a licensed operation.

35

Tube Depot shows the 50 C-5 to be $30 the each. There are a number of versions of the 12AX7 tubes prices ranging from $10 to $250 a piece, I presume the $10 one would be fine, but I really wouldn't know.
https://tubedepot.com/products/50c5

A couple speculations I've made concerning these transmitters.. Based on the copyrights in the manuals, the Knight broadcaster came out in 1953 but did not show up in the Allied radio catalogs until 1954.. Then in 1956 the alternate provision now known as 15.219 was created, but not finalized until in 1957. The next Knight model which added amplifier circuitry came out in 1958 which included in the manual a FCC certification to attach to the bottom of the transmitter.

It stands to reason that the original model was designed to conform with 15.209, and the later model been designed to conform with 15.219 and it's 10-ft limit. Now, with that in mind let's consider the revisions to 15.219 in 1957, which at that time was known as 15.204....

[Docket No. 9288; FCC 57-790]
...The Commission proposed in its
November 1956 Notice that low power
communication devices be operated on
frequencies below 1600 kc. In the band
10-1600 kc, the proposal contained field
strength limitations and, alternatively,
power input and antenna length limits
for the bands 160-190 kc and 510-1600
kc. No comments directed to these par-
ticular limitations have been received.

Recently, however, additional radiation
data were obtained for low power com-
munication devices operating in the
band 510-1600 kc. The data indicate
the advisability of reducing the power in
order to further limit the area within
which interference may occur. There-
fore, the maximum allowable input
power in the band 510-1600 kc has been
reduced from 200 to 100 milliwatts as
set forth in Section 15.204 of the ap-
pended rules.

I  couldn't help but to suspect that the Knight Broadcaster was somehow behind that "additional radiation data"" which the FCC had recently acquired, resulting in the decision to lower the power from 200 to 100 mw, it was after all the most iconic part 15 transmitter of the 1950s and 60s thus the most likely culprit!  So I set out to confirm this theory.....

So much for gut feelings, only months prior to the FCC reducing the power limit, they did conduct feild strength measurements on a part 15 device in their lab, but it wasn't a Knight Broadcaster, it was a "Radio-Talkie Radio-Vox ". They have manufactured about 20,000 of these walkie talkies and now had the federal trade commission investigating them four false claims, which is what prompted these lab tests to occur. Although I don't really see how it influenced the reduction to 100 mw, it's just too much of a coincidence to have not been the culprit. Not to get too far off track, but here's a brief excerpt from the report...
...................
Office of Chief Engineer
Laboratory Division
Tests of Radio-Talkie Radio-Vox
Manufactured by Western Radio, Inc.
April 16, 1957
.......The instructions with the instrument suggest an additional antenna
of 50 to 100 feet be used as well as connections to various
other objects, such as lamps, telephones, bedsprings, large
metal windows, doors, screens, etc., as well as to “outside
aerial wires of any type.” Provision is also made for a
ground connection. The transmitter itself consists of a transistor supplied
by a 6-volt battery. The unit is designed to operate in the lower part of the standard broadcast band and is tunable.......
Conclusions:
At 820 kilocycles, the Part 15 limit is 15 microvolts per
meter at 190 feet. At 950 kilocycles, the 15 microvolt limit
applies at 165 feet. The values obtained in (c) and (d)
above are well outside those limits. The unit tested was
within the limits when used only with the whip antenna
and extension provided, or with short extension thereof.
................................


36
In this case, actually came across the deletion of that certification rule first, the search for the 15.135 rule ultimately led to the discovery of that obscure transmitter and how it apparently secured manufactured 15.219 devices.

You mentioned LPB being around that that time, in fact they submitted several comments concerning the proposals for a new TIS classification during the mid-1970s. I highly suspect, yo I'm not been able to confirm it, that LPB where are manufacturing part 15 transmitters during the late '70s on into the 80s... What's the ones we actually know of did not arrive till the 1990s... Speaking of which, mention is made of those in the following FCC document, under their rebranded name

I'm not really an agreement with your last point, I think there is no difference in the manner in which the FCC considers proposals or petitions now or then.

.............................................
Federal Communications Commission FCC 08-50

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Adopted: February 12, 2008 Released: March 14, 2008

By the Commission:
I. INTRODUCTION

1. The Commission has before it the captioned, mutually exclusive applications of...  ; Zion Bible Institute (“Zion”);  Brown Student Radio (“BSR”); and Providence Community Radio (“PCR”), each seeking a construction permit for a new station in the Low Power FM (“LPFM”) Service  in the Providence, Rhode Island, area......

II. DISCUSSION

2. BSR Petitions to Deny.. alleges that those applicants are each not entitled to a comparative point for “established community presence”...argues that both Casa and Ephese are “pure” churches that did not exist as educational organizations, and therefore, are not eligible for the subject construction permit.

Section 73.853 of the Commission’s Rules (the “Rules”) provides that an LPFM station may be licensed
to a non-commercial educational (“NCE”) organization for the advancement of an educational program....
9. We have examined both Casa’s and Ephese’s application exhibits in which each describes how
its proposed station will be used to advance educational purposes. We find that both applicants have
demonstrated that they are nonprofit educational organizations, with distinct educational objectives, and
that they will use their stations’ programming to further those objectives. Accordingly, Casa and Ephese
are each eligible to hold an LPFM authorization.....

15. BSR also claims that a principal of Casa appears to have been involved in the unlawful operation of an unlicensed radio station, in violation of Section 73.854 of the Rules.39 In its Opposition, Rev. Eliseo Nogueras, Casa’s President, has declared under penalty of perjury that “Casa operated a legal unlicensed 100 mW Tran-AM Radio Transmitter TA100, serial number 14075” but discontinued operation because coverage was so poor.40  BSR has not established a prima facie case that Casa’s short-lived attempt to operate this 100 mW low-power AM radio station violated any of the Rules.41  Consequently, BSR’s argument is without merit.

40
 See Casa Opposition at Exhibit 1. Casa states that the “whole city” involved was Central Falls, which is one mile in diameter.

41
See, e.g., 47 C.F.R. §§ 15.209, 15.219, and 15.221; Public Notice, “Permitted Forms of Low Power Broadcast Operation,” Mimeo No. 14089 (July 14, 1991); OET Bulletin No. 63, “Understanding the FCC Regulations for Low-Power, Non-Licensed Transmitters” (Feb. 1996). Section 15.219 permits operation of an unlicensed 100- milliwatt AM transmitter on a secondary, non-interfering basis, provided that the total length of the antenna and ground lead does not exceed three meters.
.................................
   

37
For anyone interested there is an original Knight kit Wireless Broadcaster on eBay for $84, there's no bids on it and it ends in 3 days. It does not appear to include the tubes, however
https://www.ebay.com/itm/Knight-Wireless-Broadcaster/324440515964


There is also newer replica models for sale, when I first saw them about a year ago the price
started at $149 or 'Buy it Now' $194, but I see they have gone up to $244 now. It doesn't include the tubes either...
https://www.ebay.com/itm/UNBUILT-KIT-vintage-vacuum-tube-Knight-RADIO-BROADCASTER-AMPLIFIER-repro-set/293922978847
Personally that is more than I would ever want to pay for the repo, although I would probably go for the $84 original if I weren't so broke right now.

Last year I had looked up (two 50C5 tubes, and a 12AX7), the total cost for all three tubes with somewhere around $70 if I recall right.

38
 I found another obscure whip and mast part 15 transmitter from the mid 1970s, it was called Metacomm Model 8008 - 10A, and the fact that it came out when it did apparently saved the 15.219 rule from elimination in the nick of time.

Now keep in mind that in 1973 any existing part 15 transmitters being utilized bye the department of the interior have been issued and experimental license with increase in power and morad antennas, and a hold was placed on ordering additional units as the FCC worked towards establishing a new license TIS service. This had caused the info systems company,  which previously had been the only firm manufacturing these whip and mast transmitters to go out of business by 1974... So as far as the FCC knew there were no other businesses manufacturing these Whip and mass transmitters anymore. So the FCC took advantage of the situation to remedy the problem 15.219 had created...

In 1975 the FCC put forth requirement that all manufactured part 15 transmitters conform  15.209 field strengths and could no longer take advantage of the alternative 15.219 rule, but Metacomm objected because they had just manufactured and put on the market a new transmitter and felt got the FCC had not forwarned them about any restrictions about utilizing an additional ground lead.

The FCC's response, I have truncuated considerably to post here but if you want to read it in it's entirety it's in the
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION REPORTS
Volume 62, Second Series page 643..

.................................
F .C .C . 76 -860
BEFORE THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
WASHINGTON , D . C . 20554
In Re Request by BRISTOL DIVISION OF AMERICAN CHAIN AND CABLE, INC.
For reconsideration of staff interpretation or waiver of Section 15.113(c )
September 14 , 1976

Gentlemen :
This is in reply to your letter of May 5 , 1976 , requesting on behalf of the Bristol Division of American Chain and Cable, Inc. (ACCO), reconsideration of a staff interpretation , or alternatively waiver of Section 15 .113( c) of FCC Rules, to permit the certification and marketing of a low power communication device, Metacomm Model 8008 - 10A. ....the critical deficiency, which according to your letter would make the system unusable for its intended purpose , is the requirement in Section 15.113 (c ) which limits the combined length of the antenna , transmission line and ground lead to 3 meters.

Waiver of Section 15.113 (c ), specifically waiver of the restriction on the length of the ground lead, is requested on the grounds that this requirement was added in an Order (FCC 74 - 1221) released March 7 , 1975 after the equipment had been designed and placed on the market.
You allege that the Order,.. did in fact contain a substantive change to the detriment of your client. Prior to the release of this Order, you state that the equivalent provision (formerly designated Section 15.204) limited only the combined length of the antenna plus transmission line to 3 meters...

In the case of a device operating on a frequency below 1600 kHz, the basic technical restriction (Section 15.111) is a limit on the amount of RF energy radiated into space... the Commission established , as an alternative, Section 15.113 where the primary technical restriction is power ( instead of field strength ) into a radiating element of fixed length of 3 meters for devices operating in the frequency range between 510 and 1600 kilohertz. Measurement of power into the final stage of a transmitter is a much simpler test that does not require special test equipment or expertise. Although simpler, it also does not indicate how much RF energy will actually be radiated into space.

The technical parameters in Section 15.113 were selected on the assumption that a 3 meter radiating element at frequencies below 1600 kHz makes an inefficient radiator... The original provision did not consider the possibility that the addition of an extended ground lead would increase the level of radiation from the device and thereby increase its interference potential. This was discovered in tests at our laboratory...

Inasmuch as the change in Section 15.113( c ) was merely intended to clarify our intent and not intended to cause an economic hardship to a company manufacturing under the previous rule section and since this equipment is intended to be operated in remote areas where the likelihood of interference to radio communication is small, the Commission hereby grants waiver of the ground lead limitation in Section 15 .113(c ) of the Rules for the subject equipment. Accordingly , certification of Metacomm Model 8008 - 10A is granted...

This waiver applies only to devices manufactured prior to the effective date of the rules that may be adopted in our proceeding in Docket No. 20780 which proposed to terminate the availability of the alternative provisions in Section 15.113 to persons manufacturing and marketing low power communication equipment for operation in the band 510 - 1600 kHz. After such effective date, low power communication devices operating in the band 510 - 1600 kHz which are manufactured for marketing will be required to meet the technical specifications in Section 15.111 as revised in the proceeding in Docket No. 20780.

BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSION,
VINCENT J . MULLINS, Secretary.

...........................................

Okay, now note that although the FCC gave them a waiver, they also concluded by saying any transmitters after 1975 would have still have to conform to 15.209 field strength. But as we all know that did not happen, and manufacturers were permitted to continue manufacturing under 15.219... Why this happened is still rather unclear, but it's interesting to note that they did make two additions to the certification rules sub parts, those being 15.135 and 15.136 which only seemed to make sense if the 15.29 rule had indeed been eliminated.

Those two sub parts remained as part of the rules for the next 10 years, until which time it was deemed obsolete and deleted. I just find this rather interesting. Below is a copy and paste of those sub parts, followed by another copy and paste official deleting of those rules in 1984. That's all for me for now, hope this didn't bore anyone.

 § 15.131 Certification required for devices that are
marketed or built in a quantity greater than 5
and not marketed .
( a ) A low power communication device manufac
tured between December 31, 1957 and October 1, 1975
which is marketed or which is built in a quantity
greater than 5 and not marketed , shall be self-certifi
cated pursuant to the provisions of 15.135–15.136.
( b ) A low power communication device manufac
tured after October 1 , 1975 which is marketed or built
in a quantity greater than 5 and not marketed shall be
certificated pursuant to Subpart B of this part.

§ 15.135 Certification procedure: Device manufac
tured between December 31, 1957 and October 1,
1975.
A low power communication device manufactured
between December 31, 1957 and October 1, 1975 shall
be self- certificated as follows :
( a ) The owner or operator need not certificate his
own low power communication device, if it has been
certificated by the manufacturer or distributor.
( b ) Where certification is based on measurement of
a prototype, a sufficient number of units shall be tested
to assure that all production units comply with the
technical requirements of this subpart.
( c ) The certificate may be executed by a technician
skilled in making and interpreting the measurements
that are required to assure compliance with the re
quirements of this part.
( d) The certificate shall contain the following
information :
( 1 ) The operating conditions under which the device
is intended to be used .
( 2 ) The antenna to be used with the device.
( 3) A statement certifying that the device can be
expected to comply with the requirements of this sub
part under the operating conditions specified in the
certificate .
(4 ) The month and year in which the device was
manufactured .

8 15.136 Location of certificate on devices manufac
tured between December 31, 1957 and October 1,
1975 .
The certificate shall be permanently attached to the
device and shall be readily visible for inspection.

.................
.................
...............


AGENCY: Federal Communications
Commission.
ACTION: Final rule.
SUMMARY: This document deletes self-
certification and labelling requirements for low power communications devices
manufactured before October 1, 1975.
These requirements have become
obsolete and are therefore being
deleted. The intended effect of this
action is to remove the subject
unnecessary requirements from the FCC
Rules.
EFFECTIVE DATE: December 3,1984.
ADDRESS: Federal Commumcations
Commission, Washington, DC
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
List of Subjects m 47 CFR Part 15
Communications equipment labelling.

Order

In the matter of Part 15 requirements pertaining to certification and labelling of low
power communication devices produced before October 1,1975.
Adopted: October 18,1984.
Released: October 25, 1984.
By the Commission.
1. Sections 15.135 and 15.136, which
specify self-certification and labelling
requirements for low power communication devices manufactured
before October 1,1975, are obsolete.
 As
of October 1, 1975, such devices were
made subject to certification by the
Commission. The old requirements had
been retained beyond 1975 so that, when
checking equipment on dealers' shelves
for compliance, it would be clear which
requirements applied.
 In general, it takes
several years from the date of
manufacture for-low power
communication devices, such as toy
walkie-talkies and radio control devices,
to move through the retail distribution
chain.
It is reasonable to assume that by
now all equipment produced prior to
October 1, 1975, has been sold. To the
best of our knowledge, no enforcement
questions concerning equipment that fell
under these requirements have come up in several years. Therefore these
requirements are no longer necessary and should be deleted.
 Deletion of these
requirements would not affect the
operational status of any such
equipment still in use.

§§ 15.135 and 15.136 [Removed]

2. In light of the above, notice and
comment on whether to retain these
requirements are considered
unnecessary. Accordingly, it is ordered
that § § 15.135 and 15.136 are removed in
their entirety, effective December 3,
1984.
3. For further information concerning
this Order, contact Julius P Knapp,
Office of Science and Technology, (202)
653-8247.
(Sees. 4, 303.48 Stat., as amended, 1066, 1082
47 U.S.C. 154, 303)

Federal Communications Commission.
William J. Tricarico,
Secrety.
[FR Doe. 84-29F28Fled 12-2-4: &45 am]
BILNG CODE 6712-01-M



   

39
Our new town only has about hundred people spread out over a square mile or so...
..AM seems like a bigger playground where no one would ever "care" and I might could squeeze out a little bit further in the day.....
The goal is mostly to learn, practice some soldering, and surreptitiously see if anyone ever notices outside my yard...
So I'm thinking,.range you knew then what you know now, would you have started out with AM or an FM?
And if you would have a preference, which brand/model of transmitter/antenna/software setup?
..Unless someone has some exceptionally cheap novice solutions. lol
It's technically feasible to cover a square mile or so legally with a single part 15 a.m transmitter. See this link https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/readers-forum/letter-richard-fry-on-part-15-am-coverage-area . However, that would be in a wide openarea without obstructions like stores, houses, apartment buildings, or whatever in the way blocking.. attuning your signal. Furthermore, an outdoor install is unlikely to provide a reliable signal indoors, with exception to the very immediate area.

AM versus FM.. AM is definitely the way you want to go if achieving legal range is the issue.15.219 is the only loophole, as it were, of exceeding the set limited field strength.

No matter who you ask concerning transmitter preference, the answer most certainly will be either a rangemaster or a procaster.. Both top dollar certified units. Then of course there's the certified talking house, more bargain priced in the $100 range. The Spitfire is another bargain price transmitter.. REC is then the works with another one..

But you indicate you want to build your own, which sounds really cool. There's numerous kits available, I really don't know what to suggest but I recall an inexpensive kit from eBay, who's someone constructed and provided an in depth and positive review of its performance at https://www.hobbybroadcaster.net/reviews/radio-diy-am-transmitter-kit-user-review.php

Whatever direction you take, enjoy yourself and best of luck.

40
The first certified part 15 AM transmitters came into existence in 1971 which were marketed by Info Systems Inc.There were three different models from 1971 to 1974, they were manufactured by International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), Digital Thechnologies Inc (DTI), and Technical Systems Inc. {TSI). In 1974 the National Park Service quit buying from the Info-Systems company which caused them to go out of business.

So who was manufacturing part 15 whip and mast transmitters for the next 20 years before the LPB AM-2000 (aka TS-100 Trans-AM) transmitters came out around 1994?.. The use of part 15 whip and mast transmitters continued to increase quite substantially throughout the US by the NPS on through the 1970s-80s, but I could find no mention of where those transmitters came from.. but now I think know..

Around the same time that Info Systems went out of business (1974), a new company arose called Audio-Sine Inc. with their own part 15 whip and mast transmitters. Apparently they came out in 1974 to create "Talking Billboards", but the same transmitters were also utilized by government agencies,

Other than that, don't know much about them, Presumably these were certified units, (wish I could find a picture or something of one).. Anyone know anything about them?

Audio-Sine later became a primary supplier of ten-watt AM transmitters in 1978 shortly after TIS was established by the FCC in 1977, but I only found two specific examples of their part 15 transmitters being used (shown below), but I highly suspect it must also be what the NPS was using during those years. One would think these might turn up occasionally on eBay, but I've never seen one.

Anyway, here are two examples of the Audio-Sine Part 15 transmitters being used:

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Star Tribune from Minneapolis, Minnesota · July 26, 1974 , Page 6
Staff Photo by John Croft
(Image shows girl on a bicycle looking up at billboard)
caption: Drivers of vehicles without radios can't hear the talking billboard at 66th and Nicollet.

Talking billboard makes debut on its own frequency
By Don Lewis Staff Writer

At last. A billboard that says something literally. It glares in bold black, white and yellow, boasting its novelty and soliciting listeners. The curious motorist who responds and turns on his car radio is introduced to a male voice accompanied by background music. "This is a talking billboard, the first of its kind in the Twin Cities," the sign declares. "Look for talking billboards throughout this area in the near future."
Described by its conceiver as "a new dimension in sound," the signboard-orator has made its Minneapolis debut performing since Tuesday atop the Hub Shopping Center, W. 66th St. and Nicollet Av.

The concept, according to Mort Garren, vice president of Audio-Sine, Inc., is as easy to understand as turning on your radio. Behind the poster rests a low-power one milliwatt AM radio transmitter and a tape player, which broadcasts a 40-second message. Any motorist within four to eight blocks of the sign can tune his radio to the frequency posted on the sign and hear the recorded message. "There is no equipment like this in the billboard industry," said Garren, who explained that his idea might lead to creative, custom-designed billboard advertising that a driver can receive without taking his eyes off the road.

The sign was activated this week by Audio-Sine, a Minneapolis electronic communications firm, and Naegele Outdoor Advertising Co., of Richfield. "It's a beautiful application" of mobile sound equipment, according to Garren, who hopes the idea will catch on, particularly with public service advertisers.

Naegele president Bob Naegele jr. called the sign a "novelty item" in the experimental stage. Though it is too early to evaluate the idea and its chance of success, Naegele admitted it might have some potential. "Give the advertiser a strong visual and a strong audio, and you get a double," he said.

One obvious drawback, Naegele explained, is that the advertising audience is limited to motorists who own car radios and who then make the effort to tune in. In any case, "it's a lot of fun just driving by," Naegele said. Garren agreed. "We're going to let the board sell itself. And I think it will."

///////////////////////////////////////////


Analysis and Design Guidelines for Highway Advisory Radio: ...
1981
...The other HAR transmitter located on top of the Houston Airport Hotel operates at low power at a frequency of 1100 kHz. It operates under Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. It, too, consists of an Audio-Sine transmitter and power supply and has a Morad vertical monopole antenna system. Its location ideally covers the main airport parking lots. This frequency was selected for its mid-range on a car AM radio dial. The audio for both systems is supplied via leased telephone lines..

////?////////////////////////////////////


FHWA-RD-79-87

HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO
Operational Site Survey and Broadcast Equipment Guide
Report Date April 1979

Houston Airport HAR
In April 1978, the Houston Intercontinental Airport (HIA) was granted an FCC
 TIS allocation to operate a 1610 kHz AM station. Prior to this, the airport utilized an 1100 kHz AM station under FCC part 15. Currently, both of these stations are used to inform motorists of airport parking lot status and provide live "on-the- air" broadcasts in an undue emergency...

The 1610 kHz TIS station consists of a 10-watt AM transmitter and a MORAD
 vertical monopole antenna. The transmitter and the antenna are installed on the air conditioning shroud of an FAA office building on Kennedy Boulevard .

The 1100-kHz AM station consists of a 100-milliwatt transmitter impedance
 matched to a citizens band whip antenna. The 1100-kHz station hardware is
 installed atop a hotel at HIA.

Both AM transmitters are modulated simultane
ously from an 8-track tape recorder situated in the HIA Terminal A operations room. To interconnect the 8-track tape recorder to each transmitter, zero loss leased telephone lines are utilized. Both systems are currently maintained by a local communications firm,.. ..Since HIA was the first operating agency to obtain a TIS authorization, HIA has generated considerable interest in HAR by the airport operations community ....

41
I saw that too,  very cool. Be sure to read the reader  comments there also.

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Part 15 AM and FM Station Operation / Re: Part 15 EAS kinda
« on: October 05, 2020, 1923 UTC »
I downloaded the manual and it seems it would work to connect a mp3 player to the units 1/8 auxilery jack with a prerecorded generic severe weather alert that would only play if such an event occurs. Still would need a silence detector to interrupt the automation playlist, that's another $250..
https://angryaudio.com/failsafegadget/

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Part 15 AM and FM Station Operation / Part 15 EAS kinda
« on: October 05, 2020, 1409 UTC »
I first noticed this when it was featured as a new product in the June issue of The Source newsletter (which also features a few part 15 use stories), and I keep going back to it because it's such an interesting product. Its called a Severe Storm Detector, boast a 95% accuracy rate and it cost about a hundred bucks.

https://www.theradiosource.com/products/ssd20.htm
http://www.theradiosource.com/articles/news-2020-jun-ema.htm

Its small, operates on AC or 9v battery, requires no wifi, does not rely on the NOAA or other service. Instead it actually monitors the areas atmospheric conditions via radio waves within a 30 mile radius of your own location and instantly alerts you of severe Storm conditions, often times several minutes before it even gets reported by the NOAA on a weather radio.

It specifically indicates: tornado, tornado risk, severe storm, storm (not severe), lightning, and no threat. It also tells you in real time how close it is. The only thing I don't like about it is that it doesn't make vocal alerts, instead it uses a siren and a flashing light along with a small display.

However, I suppose you could couple it with a silence detector (Angry Audio has a real nice one) and have it automatically interrupt your broadcast with that siren sound..

Anyway, it'd just an idea, a real time, uassisted severe storm alert of some kind would be a great addition for any part 15 station, but utilizing an standard weather alert radio is probably a better option, but still I think this unit is really cool, I just wished it talked.

https://www.theradiosource.com/products/ssd20.htm

http://www.theradiosource.com/articles/news-2020-jun-ema.htm

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In a previous thread about the FCC refusal to grant higher part 15 FM limits for churches during the covid epodemic... I mentioned that perhaps the churches should look into how the new Walmart Drive-in movie parking lots are doing it - and the answer is..evidently, they are using the FCC Certified  part 15 AXS-FMTD fm transmitter manufactured by BMV (Broadcast Vision Entertainment)
It cost $299 and boast a range of 'up to 300 feet in all directions.

https://broadcastvision.com/drive-in-wireless-audio/

It seems that 300 foot would be sufficient for most church parking lots, but I suspect those churches are really desiring to reach the surrounding area of homes... But anyway Pia had suggested that if churchs wanted to extend their fm range then simply use more transmitters... With that in mind, a single transmitter could not likely cover one of the Walmart Supercenter parking lots to supply audio of the film's, so, presumably multiple transmitters are being employed for each location..

But wouldn't multiple FM transmitters on the same frequency interfere with each other the same as it does on AM??? Maybe different sections of the parking lot provide different frequencies.. I don't know, but here's what little I do know about the Walmart Drive-in operation:

In 2003 Robert De Niro, Jane Rosenthal and Craig Hatkoff, founded the Tribeca Film Festival, Tribeca Film Festival International, Tribeca Cinemas and Tribeca Film distribution, all of which partake with numerous partnerships with other companies and organizations.. in this case Walmart to provide free outdoor movies in their parking lots -- and what Tribecca uses for its film festivals is the formentioned certified Part 15 ASX-FMTD.

Personally, I still think using AM would be the better option for both Wa!mart and the churches. I wonder why they continue to focus on the FM option.

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Part 15 AM and FM Station Operation / Re: FCC vs God
« on: September 25, 2020, 0010 UTC »
That was probably too far off topic. So back on topic; RECNET of Maryland provides excellent advice in their article earlier this year:

Advice for Churches: Drive-In services
https://recnet.com/drive-in-church

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