They are identified as Russian, as they begin their tests by transmitting Russian patriotic songs in USB, in a loop, for hours or even days. Later, they add the beeps, 36 beeps per minute, and later only the beeps are heard. Sometimes, the songs are replaced by air sirens or other scaring sounds.
The beeps seen on waterfalls are about 2 kHz wide. Apparently, no data is transmitted, at least it would be strange to leave 1.4 second empty times between the short blocks.
My guess : this is a new kind of OTH radar. The free times leave enough delay for any echoes, and also enough to compute the data or to gather data from several receiving stations. The different frequencies for a lot of stations can deal with different ranges from the propagation vagaries, and maybe also for different resonant frequencies from airplanes.
Still in early tests, but the transmitters demonstrated they can transmit complex waveforms, as it can be useful to discriminate the real echoes from noise or jamming.