NY Times
August 23, 2009
James Marsters, Deaf Inventor, Dies at 85
By DENNIS HEVESI
Sign language, lip reading and speech training helped James Marsters get through college and dental school and made it possible for him to succeed as an orthodontist. He could communicate very well face to face.
But for most of his first 40 years, the telephone was a barrier.
“All of us in the family, whenever a call came for my dad,” his son James Jr. said on Friday, “we picked up this handset attached to the phone so that we could listen in and relay to my father what the caller was saying. He would read our lips and then reply in his own voice.”
Dr. Marsters and two deaf colleagues broke that barrier for themselves and tens of thousands of other hearing-impaired people in 1964 when they converted an old, bulky, clacking Teletype machine into a device that could relay a typewritten conversation through a telephone line. It was the first example of what became commonly known as a TTY and is now, in a greatly updated and compact version, called a text telephone.
Dr. Marsters died of natural causes at his home in Oakland, Calif., on July 28, his son said. He was 85.
A mutual acquaintance, aware that two of his friends were thinking along the same lines, introduced Dr. Marsters to Robert H. Weitbrecht, a physicist at Stanford University, in 1964. Both were soon fiddling with the nearly obsolete Teletype machines cluttering Dr. Marsters’s garage.
Mr. Weitbrecht came up with the idea of using an acoustic coupler — now called a modem — to connect two of the Teletype machines. The coupler changed electrical signals coming from one Teletype machine into tones sent through a telephone wire; at the other end, the tones were changed back into electrical signals so that the message could be printed on the receiving machine.
Another tinkerer, Andrew Saks, an electrical engineer and a grandson of the founder of Saks Fifth Avenue, was soon working in the garage as well. Dr. Marsters and Mr. Weitbrecht had gone to him for financing.
With the intention of building a network of TTY users, the three men began collecting and reconditioning the Teletype machines that were being discarded by news services and companies like Western Union. They formed a company, the Applied Communications Corporation, to refurbish and donate TTYs. Dr. Marsters traveled around the country, educating the deaf community about the new technology, forming partnerships with other organizations and lobbying for support from government officials.
There were only 18 TTYs in operation in 1966, Karen Peltz Strauss, the author of “A New Civil Right: Telecommunications Equality for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Americans” (Gallaudet University Press, 2006), said in a telephone interview on Thursday. By 2006, there were about 30,000 listings in the Blue Book, a national directory of TTY users.
Pointing out that the Internet has since greatly reduced the need for text telephones, Ms. Peltz Strauss said, “I would say that by the mid-1990s it had peaked at tens of thousands of people who had and used them regularly.”
Dr. Marsters, she said, “got the ball rolling for future generations of people with hearing loss to achieve telecommunications equality.”
Beyond making their technological breakthrough and starting the network, Dr. Marsters and his partners, working with other leaders of the deaf community, played significant roles in reshaping government policy.
When they introduced their device, the partners met strong resistance from AT&T, which then had virtual control over the nation’s telephone system and prohibited direct connections to its network. In 1968, the Federal Communications Commission struck down AT&T’s restrictive policy, saying it had no right to deny the connection to its network as long as there was no harm to its operations.
In the 1970s, Dr. Marsters and Mr. Saks made arrangements with several local telephone companies in California to introduce relay services — technology that allowed deaf people to communicate with hearing people.
“Dr. Marsters and his partners provided the forerunner of what is now a nationwide network of telecommunication relay services,” Ms. Peltz Strauss said. “These services are now completely free to anybody who wants them because they are required by law under the Americans With Disabilities Act.”
James Carlyle Marsters was born in Norwich, N.Y., on April 5, 1924, one of two sons of Guy and Anna Belle Marsters. His father was a pharmaceutical company executive.
Besides his son James, Dr. Marsters is survived by another son, Guy; a daughter, Jean Marsters; and two grandchildren. His wife of 49 years, the former Alice Dorsey, died in 2003.
In infancy, Jimmy Marsters lost his hearing to scarlet fever and measles. As a toddler, he received lip-reading and speech training. After graduating from the Wright Oral School for the Deaf in New York City in 1943, he earned a bachelor’s degree in chemistry at Union College, in Schenectady, N.Y.
For three years, Mr. Marsters worked in a necktie factory in New York while his applications to dental schools were repeatedly rejected. Eventually, the New York University College of Dentistryadmitted him, with the understanding that it would offer no special accommodations. He received his dental degree in 1952, then moved to California, where two years later he earned a master’s degree in orthodontics at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Dr. Marsters opened his orthodontics practice in Pasadena, Calif., in 1954; he retired in 1990. Mr. Weitbrecht died in 1983, and Mr. Saks died in 1989.
One day in May 1964, when both were at their homes in California, Dr. Marsters and Mr. Weitbrecht made the first TTY call on a traditional telephone line.
Their communication was garbled at first. But after some adjustments were made, their typed words were clear and concise: “Are you printing me now?” Mr. Weitbrecht asked Dr. Marsters. “Let’s quit for now and gloat over the success.”
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